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Volcanic tuff, shaped by wind into fairy chimneys, was hollowed out for homes, dovecotes and churches over many centuries.

Byzantine frescoes survive in chapels cut into the cliffs, the finest at the Göreme Open-Air Museum.

Derinkuyu and Kaymaklı drop level after level into the rock, with stables, chapels and rolling stone doors.

On calm mornings dozens of balloons rise over the valleys. Even from the ground, it is a sight you will remember.

Old cave houses have been turned into hotels, from simple family guesthouses to restored mansions.

Rose, Red, Love and Pigeon valleys link the villages on footpaths through orchards and rock.

Subtractive architecture at its purest: rooms made by removing, not adding. Look at the light wells and carved niches.

Türkiye is a Muslim-majority country: mosques in every village, halal meat as standard and the call to prayer across the valleys.